NOUN - HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Welcome to English Grammar Classes

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR

You can find all classes from: 

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

It is our third class:

3 - NOUN

We see noun all around us. They are naming words. Any thing or every thing name is a noun.

A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing.

KINDS OF NOUNS :

Nouns are of four kinds:

1. PROPER NOUNS like India, New York, John.

2. COMMON NOUNS like country, city, person.

3. COLLECTIVE NOUNS like class, army, crew.

4. ABSTRACT NOUNS like kindness, beauty, pride.

Countable and Uncountable.

Nouns like country, city, river, person, class, army can be counted. So they are called countable. Generally speaking most of the common and collective nouns are countable.

Some common nouns that name materials like wood, milk, tea, glass are uncountable. Abstract nouns like kindness, pride, beauty, feelings are also uncountable.

1. PROPER NOUNS

Proper nouns are names given to particular people, places and things. They always begin with a capital letter.

(i) The names of people are proper nouns.

Sachin Tendulkar, Abdul Kalam, Barrak Obama, etc.

Your name, names of yours parents, relatives and friends are also proper nouns.

(ii) The names of the days of the week and names of the months are proper nouns.

Sunday, Monday, Tuesday...... January, February, March.........

(iii) The names of the rivers, seas and oceans are nouns.

The Ganges, the Pacific Ocean, Bay of Bengal, the Caspian Sea......

(iv) The names of festivals and special days are proper nouns.

Christmas, Diwali, Holi, Eid..... Independence Day..

(v) The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns.

The Eiffel Tower, the Taj Mahal, New Delhi, New York...

(vi) The names of the people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.

Americans, Germans, Indian, French, the British....

2. COMMON NOUNS

Common nouns are general words for people, animals, places and things.

Some common nouns for people.

Artist, doctor, pilot, driver, dancer, lawyer, carpenter, nurse, manager, plumber, photographer, scientist, magician, secretary, sailor, tailor, farmer......

Some common nouns for animals.

Elephant, dog, bear, fox, sheep, lion, cow, cat, tiger, kangaroo, whale, goat........

Common nouns for places.

Museum, airport, post office, hotel, library, church, temple, tomb, mosque, road, school, railway station, restaurant, factory, office, park.......

Common nouns for things.

Telephone, printer, chair, sofa, fridge, computer, book, calculator, carpet, bus, ship, pencil.......

Words for relations are also common nouns.

Father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, son, daughter, grandmother, grandfather, nephew, niece, cousin......

3. COLLECTIVE NOUNS

A collective noun is a word that describes a group of people, animals or things. For example :

Army - describes a group of soldiers.

Crowd - describes a group of people.

Crew - describes a group of sailors.

Herd - describes a group of cattle.

Bunch - describes flowers or fruits.

Team - describes a group of players.

4. ABSTRACT NOUNS

Many things we can not touch, see or measure. We can only have feelings about such things. Such as love, hate, anger, truth, lie etc.

Understand Abstract Noun by following sentences:

(i) Mother is known for her kindness.
(ii) Childhood is the golden period of life.
(iii) Principal was full of anger.

In the above sentences words given in color are abstract nouns.

An abstract noun is a word for feeling that cannot be seen or touched.

Words like love, beauty, truth, lie, kindness, anger, childhood, appearance, joy, jealousy are abstract nouns.

POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUN

Read the sentence :

These books belong to John.
We can write it as - These are John's book. We use 's' to show belonging or possession.

The possessive form of a noun shows belonging or who owns something.
An apostrophe and an -s is used after singular nouns to make possessive form.

Ria's purse means purse belonging to Ria.

FORMING POSSESSIVE CASE/FORM OF PLURAL NOUNS

(i) We put an apostrophe and an -s ('s) after plural nouns that do not end with (s).

women's voice, men's voice, children's books

1. Women's voice is sharper than men's voice.
2. Children's book are colourful.

(ii) If a plural noun ends in s, we don't use 's. We just put an apostrophe after plural nouns that end with (s).

boys' hostel, girls' hostel, pupils' desk.

(iii) With names that end with (s), we can make the possessive form in two ways :

(a) We just put an apostrophe as :
Saras' car, Hippopotamus' mouth.

(b) We put an apostrophe and then add another (s).
Saras's car, Hippopotamus's mouth.

Let's do your Practice and go to :- 

Next class - 4 > PRONOUN

Previous class - 2 > KINDS OF SENTENCES

You can also find next classes from this link:

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Welcome to English Grammar Classes

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR

You can also find next classes from this link:

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

It is our second class:

2 - KINDS OF SENTENCES

Different types of sentences

We know that - 

A telling sentence makes a statement. It ends with a full stop.

Delhi is the capital of India.
Taj Mahal is a protected monument.

An asking sentence or question sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark (?) instead of a full stop.

What is your name?

An exclamatory sentence shows strong feelings. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark (!)

What a beautiful dress !

KINDS OF SENTENCES

When we speak or write we use different kinds of sentences.

There are four kinds of sentences.

1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES

The dog looked at the piece of cheese.
The dog did not like it.

An assertive sentence can be affirmative (positive) and negative. First sentence above is an affirmative statement. 

Second sentence is a negative statement. A negative sentence contains the word not or no.

RULES FOR MAKING NEGATIVE SENTENCES

(i) If the verb in a sentence consists of two words i.e. a helping verb and a main verb. We place the word not immediately after the helping verb.

Positive sentence

He is          going.

(helping verb)    (main verb)

Negative sentence

He is not going.

(not is placed between helping verb and main verb)

(ii) If the verb in a sentence consists of a helping verb such as can, may and a main verb, the word not is placed immediately after the helping verb.

Positive sentence

John may          come today.

(helping verb)          (main verb)

Negative sentence

John may not come today.

(not is placed between helping verb and main verb)

Positive sentence

You can          eat ice-cream.

(helping verb)        (main verb)

Negative sentence

You cannot eat ice-cream.

(iii) If there is no other helping verb in the sentence, then the helping verb do or did is used along with not in a negative sentence.

Positive sentence

I understand English.

(no helping verb)

Negative sentence

I do not understand English.

I don't understand English.

Positive sentence

Close the door.

(no helping verb)

Negative sentence

Do not close the door.

Don't close the door.

We put a full stop at the end of an assertive sentence.

2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (QUESTIONS)

Do you like stories?
What kind of stories do you like?

An interrogative sentence asks a question. First sentence above can be answered in 'yes' or 'no'. Such a question begins with an auxiliary verb. Do is an auxiliary verb.

In an interrogative sentence, the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. For example:


Have they gone away ?

Second sentence begins with a question word (what). Since most of the question words what, when where, who, whose, whom, why begin with 'wh', such questions are often referred to as 'wh' questions. Some statement has to be made in reply to such questions.

RULES FOR MAKING INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

(i) In interrogative sentences, the helping verb comes before the subject. The main verb comes after the subject.

Statement             Interrogative sentence

John can swim.              Can John swim? 

(ii) When is, am, are, was, were, has, have or can are ordinary verbs and not helping verbs, they come before the subject in the interrogative sentences.

Statement             Interrogative sentence

She is sick.                 Is she sick?

I am right.              Am I right? 

(iii) If there is no other helping verb in the sentence, then the helping verb do is used before the subject in the interrogative sentences.

Statement      Interrogative sentence

I run.               Do I run?

He dances.             Does he dances? 

We put a mark of interrogation (?) at the end of an interrogative sentence.

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (COMMANDS)

An imperative sentence expresses a command (or order), a request, or an advice. For example:

Keep off the grass. (command)
Pass me the sugar, please. (request)
Do your homework regularly. (advice)

An imperative sentence also needs a full stop at the end.

4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES (EXCLAMATIONS)

An exclamatory sentence expresses some strong feeling of happiness, surprise, sadness etc.

How beautiful the rose is !
What a nuisance it is !
Hurrah ! we won the match.

We put a mark of exclamation (!) at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

Let's do your Practice and go to :- 

Next class - 3 > NOUN

Previous class - 1 > THE SENTENCES AND ITS PARTS

You can also find next classes from this link:

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

THE SENTENCES AND ITS PARTS

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Welcome to English Grammar Classes

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR

You can also find next classes from 

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Our first class about:

1 - THE SENTENCES AND ITS PARTS

The sentence and its parts are the basic vocabulary of grammar, and it is important that you take some time to learn and understand them. The parts of the sentence are a set of terms for describing how people construct sentences from smaller pieces.

THE SENTENCE

Look at the following sentences:

1. You are already late for the office.

2. I am going to play.

These sentences make complete sense.

A GROUP OF WORDS THAT MAKES COMPLETE SENSE IS CALLED A SENTENCE.

A sentence begins with a capital letter.

-The words in a sentence must be in their proper order.

-A sentence has two main parts: the subject and the predicate.

-The subject refers to the person or thing that does the action.

-The predicate refers to the verb together with the rest of the sentence.

-A sentence usually ends with a full stop.

Now, Can you make sentences with the words given?

Ash reads,    Monkey jump,     Sun shines

THE PHRASE

Some groups of words make sense but not complete sense. For example,

'fine work',   'good man',   'last evening',  
'of no use',   'a sad story',  'at the bus stop'

A group of words that makes sense but not complete sense is called a phrase.

-Phrase do not have capital letters and punctuation marks.

-Phrase do not have a verb.

-A phrase can become a sentence if we add some words to it. One word that we must add is a verb.

We can convert a phrase into sentence by adding some words and a verb. For example,

1. My brother told me a horror story last night.
2. I will wait for you at the bus stop.

PARTS OF SENTENCE
Read this sentence.

The man is in the office.

This is the subject.      This is the predicate.

-The name of the person, place, animal or thing that we speak about is the subject.

-What is said about the subject is the predicate.

In commands like Stand up or Go away the subject you is understood but not spoken. So Stand up means, You stand up.

A sentence can be long or short, it must have a subject and a verb.

A sentence can have just two words. e.g. Birds (subject) fly (verb).

However, a command or an order does not have a subject. This is because the word 'You' is left out in a command Here the subject you is understood.

1. Get out means You get out.
2. Come here means You come here.

Let's do your Practice and go to next class :- 

Class - 2 > KINDS OF SENTENCES

You can also find next classes from 

HOW TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

News Paper के फर्ज़ी Advertisements

News Paper के फर्ज़ी Advertisements

News Paper के फर्ज़ी Advertisements

अभी दो महिने पहले दिल्ली के लक्ष्मी नगर मे बैंक मे job लगवाने के नाम पर कई लड़्के-लड़्कियो के फर्ज़ि Interview करवाये गये। बकायदा उनसे computer पर online test लिया गया, कुछ को यह भी कहा गया कि आप select नही हुए है। Interview भी तीन-तीन बार लिया गया अलग-अलग दिन। जिससे सभी को विश्वास हो गया कि अब तो नौकरी मिल ही जायेगी। इन Interview और Registration के बहाने किश्तो मे 12,000/- से 15,000/- तक जमा करवा लिया गया। आखिरी Interview मे जो select हो गये थे उन्हे कहा गया कि आपके पास एक हफ्ते मे बैंक से letter आ जायेगा। जब एक हफ्ते से ज्यादा हो गया और कोई letter नहि आया तो लोगो ने फोन करना शुरु किया पर सभी नम्बर बन्द थे। office मे पहुंचे तो ताला लगा मिला। पता किया गया तो यह पता चला कि कुछ हफ्तो पहले ही यह office किराये पर लिया गया था। पुलिस मे कम्प्लेंट लिखायी गयी। पर कोई फायदा नहि हुआ। उन्होने दिल्ली की ही पता नहि कितनी जगह पर ऐसे ही लोगो से पैसा लूटा होगा। दिल्ली के अलावा कितने शहरो मे अपना जाल फैलाया हुआ होगा। क्या उस office के मालिक पर केस नही किया जा सकता था कि उसने office किराये पे दिया तो police verification या agreement क्यो नहि किया। पर – पर – पर अगर कोर्ट मे केस कर भी दिया तो जितने पैसे दिये है उतने तो वकील के पास चले जायेंगे।

एक वक़्त था जब किसी भी बेरोज़गार को नौकरी की तलाश होती थी, वो newspaper मे आये advertisements देखता था और अपने अनुसार नौकरी के advertisement पर निशान लगाकर उस पर दिये address पर पहुंच जाता था| वह नौकरी के advertisements किसी Office, Factory या किसी Company के होते थे, और उस बेरोज़गार को उसकी पढ़ाई, अनुभव के अनुसार काम मिल जाता था|

यह वक़्त अब से लगभग दस साल पहले तक था
 अब वक़्त वो आ गया है जब हर अधिक बिकने वाले या यह कह सकते हैं कि जो News Paper अपने नाम से बिकते हैं जैसे – Hindustan, Navbharat Times ये चाहे Hindi का हो या English का, इन मे एक भी ऐसा advertisement नही होता जिससे किसी को नौकरी मिल जाये ये सभी registration के नाम पर पैसा खाने के लिये advertisement देते हैं

अब advertisement होते हैं ! पर सिर्फ security के नाम पर पैसा बटोरने के लिये। पिछ्ले एक साल से मैं वो advertisement देख रहा हू जो रोज़ ही छ्पते हैं। इन advertisements को देख कर मुझे हैरानी हुई कि रोज़ advertisement देकर ये कितने लोगो को job दे रहे हैं। एक ही तरह की नौकरी के लिये रोज़ advertisement क्यो? 

News Paper के फर्ज़ी Advertisements

News Paper मे एक column Part-time jobs का होता है। इस column मे आप एक ही तरह के advertisement को अलग-अलग नाम से छ्पा हुआ देख सकते है। और तो और इन सभी advertisements मे दिया होता है कि आप एक दिन मे Part-time काम करके 10,000/- से 25,000/- तक कमा सकते है। ऐसा क्या काम है कि इतना पैसा वो भी Part-time job मे, यह सोचकर मैने एक advertisement मे दिये हुए mobile no. पर फोन कर दिया। फोन पर मुझ से पुछा गया कि आप कहॉ रहते हो, आपका नाम क्या है? फिर मेरी age, उसके बाद जो काम मुझे बताया गया उसे सुन कर मै हैरान रह गया कि इस तरह के काम के लिये इतने सारे advertisements और वो भी रोज़। मुझे कहा गया कि आपको high profile ladies की मसाज करनी है और अगर वो कहे तो उनके साथ relation बनाने है। एक दुसरे advertisement मे एक मोबाईल नम्बर दिया हुआ था, जिस पर ‘HELLO’ टाईप करके WhatsApp करना था। ‘HELLO’ टाईप करके जब मैने WhatsApp किया तो उसमे भी मेरी Age, Name और् Location पुछी गयी, साथ ही मेरी एक photo भी WhatsApp करने को कहा गया। मुझे वही काम बताया गया। काम करना हो तो उसी मोबाईल नम्बर पर 1500/- रुपये Paytm करने को कहा गया।

क्या कोई भी नहीं है जो इस तरह के बेहुदा advertisements को रोक सके। हमारे देश मे बेरोजगारो की कमी नहीं है? पर इस तरह के advertisements देकर उनके emotions के साथ क्यो खेला जा रहा है? कहाँ है कानून? कहते है कि देह-व्यापार कानूनन अपराध है। फिर क्यो घर-घर मे जाने वाले News Paper मे खुले आम इसके लिये advertisements दे रहे हैं? क्या News Paper छापने वालो को नहीं पता कि यह advertisements किस लिये हैं?

News Paper के फर्ज़ी Advertisements

अब और सुनिये इस काम को भी करने के लिये वह लोग पहले आप से 500/- से 1500/- तक अपने किसी अकाउंट मे या Paytm अकाउंट मे जमा करवाने को कहते हैं। यह उनकी Registration fees होती है। जरा सोचिये अगर कोई पैसो के लालच मे आकर यह 500/- से 1500/- रुपये जमा करवा देता है, तो उसके बाद क्या guarantee है कि उसके पास फिर कोई फोन आयेगा?

अगर आ भी गया तब भी वो जो काम करेगा कानून के अनुसार वह गलत है। और अगर कोई फोन नहीं आया तो वह कुछ नहीं कर सकता, वह पुलिस के पास नहीं जा सकता क्युंकि यह लोग फोन पर ही इतने स्पष्ट शब्दो मे समझा देते है कि आपको काम क्या करना क्या है, जो आप पुलिस को नहीं बता सकते। इसी डर का यह लोग फायदा उठाते हैं। 

News Paper के फर्ज़ी Advertisements

यह तो हो गई Part-time job की बात, अगर आप Full-time job के advertisements देखे तो उनसे contact करने पर वो आपको किसी metro station या आस-पास किसी जगह पर पहुंच कर फोन करने को कहते हैं। क्यो ? उनका अपना office है तो सीधा office मे क्यो नही जा सकते? इसलिये कि एक साथ दो-तीन लोग ना पहुंच जाये। अगर एक समझदार निकला और उनके झासे मे नहीं आया तो बाकि भी हाथ से निकल जायेंगे। ये लोग अपना Ratio बना कर रखते है। 10 मे से 1 भी फंस गया तो ठीक है। एक अगर office मे है तो दुसरे को मत आने दो। 

दोस्तो हमे News Paper मे छपने वाले फर्ज़ि advertisements से सबको बचाना है। अगर आप सहमत है तो इस पोस्ट को ज्यादा से ज्यादा शेयर करे।